【Overview】

• Overview

【List of References】

• Barkan, Joel D. [2001] "Elections in Developing Countries," in Richard Rose ed., International Encyclopedia of Elections, Washington D.C.: CQ Press.
• Binder, Loenard [1978] In a Moment of Enthusiasm: Political Power and the Second Stratum in Egypt, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
• Dahl, Robert A. [1971] Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
• Diamond, Larry [1999] Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Dix, Robert H. [1989] "Cleavage Structures and Party Systems in Latin America," Comparative Politics 22, (1), pp. 23-37.
• Kitschelt, Herbert [1995] "Formation of Party Cleavages in Post-Communist Democracies: Theoretical Propositions," Party Politics, 1(4), pp. 447-472.
• Lust-Okar, Ellen [2004] "The Management and Manipulation of Political Opposition," Comparative Politics, 36 (2), pp. 159-179.
• Huntington, Samuel P. [1991] The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
• Mainwaring, Scott P. [1999] Rethinking Party Systems in the Third Wave of Democratization: The Case of Brazil, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
• Mozaffar, Shaheen, James R. Scarritt, and Glen Galaich [2003] "Electoral Institutions, Ethnopolitical Cleavages, and Party Systems in Africa's Emerging Democracies," American Political Science Review 97 (3), pp. 379-390.
• Özbudun, Ergun [1987] "Institutionalizing Competitive Elections in Developing Societies," in Myron Weiner and Ergun Özbudun eds., Competitive Elections in Developing Countries, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
• Sartori, Giovanni [1976] Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.