Interim Report for：Institutional Roles of Marriage in the Developing World: Empirical Studies from the Perspectives of Gender Empowerment
調査研究報告書
Edited by KUDO Yuya
2014年3月発行
Cover
(153KB)
Chapter
1
Using
individual-level
data
provided
by
the
Demographic
and
Health
Survey
(2000,
2004,
2010)
merged
by
GPS-based
coordinates
with
community-level
data
sourced
from
the
Integrated
Household
Survey
(2010-2011)
in
Malawi,
this
paper
asks
the
question
of
whether
religious
teachings
affect
women’s
marital
practices.
To
address
endogeneity
associated
with
an
individual’s
religious
affiliation,
the
analysis
takes
an
instrumental
variable
(IV)
approach
by
exploiting
a
unique
setting
of
the
Christian
mission,
which
dates
back
to
the
late
19th
century.
Being
exposed
to
the
mission,
measured
by
geographical
distance
(km)
to
the
influential
station,
Livingstonia,
enabled
the
indigenous
population
to
gradually
convert
to
Christianity
when
they
were
not
the
Yao,
an
ethnic
group
that
was
proselytized
into
Islam
because
of
their
ivory
and
slave
trades
with
the
Arabs
that
had
existed
prior
to
the
arrival
of
the
mission.
The
IV
approach
shows
that
the
religious
affiliation
cannot
always
be
taken
as
exogenous
in
an
empirical
analysis.
Using
the
distance-ethnicity
(non-Yao)
interaction
as
an
IV
for
the
religious
distribution
of
the
current
generation
with
a
control
of
ethnicity-level
historical
covariates
(e.g.,
slave
exports,
access
to
railway
networks)
and
abundance
of
community-level
local
conditions
(e.g.,
geography,
climate)
or
community-fixed
effects,
this
study
finds
that
compared
to
those
practicing
the
other
religions
(Islam
and
other)
or
no
religion,
Christian
females
are
more
likely
to
postpone
their
marriage
by
1-3
years
with
less
likelihood
of
engaging
in
polygynous
relationship
by
approximately
30
percentage
points.
Formal
educational
attainment,
fear
of
HIV
infection,
and
religion-based
segmentation
in
both
the
marriage
and
labor
markets
are
less
likely
to
explain
the
religious
effects.
While
it
is
difficult
to
completely
rule
out
alternative
mechanisms,
these
findings
are
consistent
with
the
view
that
religious
education
plays
a
role.
Chapter
2
Dowry
and
Women's
Status
in
Rural
Pakistan
(169KB)
/
Momoe
MAKINO
Dowry
is
a
common
custom
observed
in
South
Asian
countries.
It
has
been
a
target
of
an
opposition
movement
as
if
it
was
a
root
cause
of
women’s
mistreatment,
for
example,
sex-selective
abortion,
girls’
malnutrition,
female
infanticide,
and
domestic
homicide
often
called
”dowry
murder.”
Despite
its
alleged
evil
consequences
and
its
legal
ban
or
restriction,
the
custom
has
been
extended,
and
recently,
the
amount
of
dowry
seems
to
be
increasing.
However,
there
is
little
empirical
evidence
of
the
effects
of
dowry,
and
no
consensus
has
been
reached
on
whether
dowry
should
be
banned.
This
study
empirically
investigates
the
effects
of
dowry
on
women’s
status
in
rural
Pakistan.
Results
show
that
a
higher
dowry
amount
enhances
women’s
decision-making
power
and
decreases
the
likelihood
of
women’s
exposure
to
fatal
domestic
violence
in
the
marital
household.
This
implies
that
a
universal
ban
on
dowries
does
not
necessarily
improve
women’s
welfare.