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APLセミナー(アジ研パワーランチセミナー)
高須百華氏(大和総研): Gender Income Gap Created by Childbirth and Childcare: Child Penalty in Japan
開催日時
2025年2月20日(木曜)12時00分~午後1時15分
会場
要旨
The term "Child Penalty" (CP) refers to the decline in labor market outcomes—such as employment rates, wages, and working hours—primarily experienced by women as a result of childbirth and child-rearing. This paper uses the event study methodology and individual level data and estimates the extent to which these measures decline after the birth of a first child, using the baseline before the birth of the first child in Japan. CP represents the decline from pre-childbirth to post-childbirth levels for female workers, the results show the following: (1) employment rates decrease by approximately 30%, (2) wages decrease by approximately 50%, and (3) working hours decrease by approximately 50%. Even when observing the time-series changes after the birth of the first child, the reduction in CP appears to be limited, suggesting that these CP effects have a long-term impact on the income gap between men and women. However, compared to findings from previous studies, there is a slight downward trend in CP among Japanese women, indicating a potential modest improvement in the gender income gap over time. In other countries, CP has been reduced by family-friendly policies (FFP), and the expansion of the policies has been progressing in Japan as well. However, some studies point out that FFP alone is not sufficient. This can be attributed to the fact that gender norms and labor market structure, which cannot be addressed by FFP, have a significant impact on CP. In Japan, long-term career development and long working hours within the same company are valued, and the structure of the labor market is conducive to the occurrence of CP. In order to reduce CP for women in Japan, various measures will be needed, including FFP, improving childcare services to better meet parents’ needs, and reforming work styles and workplace attitudes. Comprehensive reforms are necessary to address the income gap between men and women in Japan.
講師
高須百華氏(大和総研)
司会
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