China in Africa
10. China's Infrastructure Footprint in Africa
China
is
presently
involved
in
infrastructure
project
in
35
African
countries.
A
concentration
of
projects
is
to
be
found
in
Angola,
Nigeria
and
the
Sudan.
However,
China
is
planning
a
new
range
of
projects
in
other
countries,
especially
in
the
DRC.
The
country’s
activities
have
been
divided
fairly
evenly
among
two
main
sectors:
power
generation
(especially
hydropower),
and
transport
(especially
railroads),
followed
by
ICT
sector
(mainly
equipment
supply).
Water
projects
attracted
the
least
amount
of
activity.
A
more
extensive
profile
of
Chinese
funded
projects
in
each
of
the
major
infrastructure
sectors
is
provided
below.
10.1. China’s Growing Competitiveness
One way of gauging the international competitiveness of the Chinese construction Industry is to look at the performance of Chinese firms under open tenders. Multilateral Agencies, such as the World Bank and it affiliated African Development Bank (ADB), require unrestricted International Competitive Bidding (ICB) to take place on all significant contracts that they finance. The procurement data from these agencies is publicly available and can be used to calculate the share of contract value going to Chinese firms bidding for projects in different segments of the market. This in turn provides an objective indication of the competitiveness of Chinese construction firms.
In the case of the World Bank, it was possible to establish that since 1999 Chinese Contractors’ have been winning a significant share (10-20 percent) of African infrastructure contracts awarded by the International Development Association (IDA). The accumulated contract value won by Chinese contractors was US$738 million over the period 2001–06. While substantial, this figure is much lower than the value of Chinese commitments to infrastructure finance over the same period, which are estimated at more than US$12 billion.
Looking at more recent data from both the World Bank and the ADB, it is evident that the success of Chinese firms has been largely confined to the area of civil works. The presence of Chinese firms is almost non-existent in the area of consulting services, and minimal in the area of equipment supply where they capture a mere 3 percent of the market. However, in the area of civil works Chinese firms accounted for 31 percent of total contract value over the period of 2004-2006.
With the exception of France, which has been winning around 12 percent of the World Bank’s civil works contracts, no other country has won more than a 5 percent share. These figures illustrate the competitiveness of Chinese contractors in this market. The World Bank procurement data also provides (partial) information on the nationality of the second most highly ranked bidder for each contract. This shows that in as many as 20 percent of the total number of contracts won by Chinese firms, the second most highly ranked bidder is also a Chinese firm.
Chinese firms have also tended to capture the larger civil works contracts. The average size of a civil works contract awarded to a Chinese contractor was US$6 million in the case of the African Development Fund (an ADB affiliated structure) and US$11 million in the case of the International Development Association arm of the World Bank, compared to more typical contract values of US$3 to 4 million.
Overall, about 70 percent of the value of contracts won by Chinese firms under multilateral projects was accounted for by just four countries: Ethiopia, Mozambique, Tanzania, and the DRC. Once again, this is quite different from the geographical spread under Chinese funded projects, where more than 55 percent of the contract value is accounted for by Angola, Sudan, and Nigeria. This indicates that Chinese contractors have significant presence and experience in a number of countries that have not yet featured prominently in Chinese financing deals.
Looking sectorally at China’s footprint in Africa’s infrastructure development path, the following picture emerges:
Dams
Most dam projects undertaken by Chinese companies have a hydro-power dimension to them (see under “Power” section). In October 2008, SinoHydro concluded a loan agreement with the Ghanaian government for US$562 million. The loan is earmarked for the construction of the Bui Dam in Ghana’s Brong Ahafo region. The dam is expected to improve water storage and irrigation along the Black Volta River. The project is expected to be completed in five years.
Power
The sector attracting the largest amount of Chinese financing has been the power sector with more than US$5.3 billion in cumulative commitments at present. Much of this effort has been concentrated in hydroelectric schemes. As of the end of 2007, the Chinese were involved in financing 10 major dams in 9 different African countries. The total cost of these projects is estimated to be more than US$5 billion, of which the Chinese were financing over US$3,3 billion. The combined generating capacity of these plants amounts to more than 6 000 MW of electricity, a significant fraction of the 17 000 MW of hydropower generating capacity that exists today in Africa. Indeed, four of these projects will more than double the total electricity generating capacity within the host countries where they are located.
Some of these projects include the following:
- The largest hydropower project on this list is the 2 600 MW Mambilla scheme in Nigeria, implementation of which is now uncertain.
- The largest power project completed to date is the massive 1 250 MW Merowe dam in Sudan, which was opened earlier this year.
- November 2008 - China’s Shenzen Energy Group announced that it was planning to go into partnership with the First National Bank of Nigeria PLC, to build a 3 000 MW power plant in Nigeria. The estimated cost of the project is US$2,5 billion, with a commencement date for early in 2009. Nigeria’s total installed capacity is 3 500 MW but frequent power disruptions sees power generating capacity collapse to just 1 000 MW on occasions due to poor maintenance its aged power stations, corruption and mismanagement.
- October 2008 - Kenya awarded a US$65 million contract to Sinohydro Corporation to build a new 20MW hydroelectric power plant (HEP) in Western Kenya. The new HEP, Sangoro plant, will be located 5km downstream from Sondu Miriu HEP. The project is expected to be completed within three years.
- October 2008 - China’s International Cooperation Group (CHIC O) has been awarded a US$45 million contract by Mozambique to construct a supply system in the central province of Manica. The project will include the construction of a new water treatment station at Chicamba Dam and six water storage tanks.
- March 2009 - it was announced that China’s Sinohydro Corporation will undertake construction of a US$400 million power plant on the Kariba North Bank in Zambia. China’s Export and Import Bank is providing 85 percent of the funding, while the Development Bank of South Africa (DBSA) is providing the remaining 15 percent. Zambia intends to develop a number of power projects in alignment with its vision for the 2030 development plan.
- Finally, the Poubara hydropower dam in Gabon is to be built by Sinohydro as part of the US$ 3 billion Belinga Iron Ore project; however, the amount of Chinese financing committed into the project is not known.
Natural
resources
are
being
used
to
secure
some
of
the
financing.
The
Congo
River
Dam
in
the
Republic
of
Congo
and
Bui
Dam
in
Ghana,
which
are
currently
under
construction,
are
being
financed
by
the
China
Ex-Im
Bank
loans
backed
by
guarantees
of
crude
oil
in
case
of
the
Congo
River
Dam,
and
cocoa,
in
case
of
Bui
Dam.
The
loan
for
the
Souapiti
Dam
in
Guinea
will
be
linked
to
mining
(Bauxite)
revenues.
Outside
of
hydropower,
China
has
also
been
active
in
building
thermal
power
stations,
the
most
significant
of
which
have
been
in
Sudan
and
Nigeria.
In
2005,
the
Shandong
Electric
Power
Construction
Corp.
agreed
to
build
three
separate
thermal
power
stations
in
Sudan:
a
500
MW
coal
fired
power
plant
in
Port
Sudan,
a
300
MW
gas
fired
power
plant
in
Al-
Fūlah
and
a
320
MW
gas
fired
power
plant
in
Rabak.
Earlier,
the
Harbin
Power
Equipment
Company
had
agreed
to
build
the
E1-Gaili
Combined
Cycle
Power
Plant.
In
Nigeria,
the
federal
government
is
constructing,
with
the
help
of
credit
line
from
China
Ex-Im
Bank,
three
gas-fired
power
stations:
Papalanto
(335
MW)
in
Ogun
state
developed
by
Chinese
group
Sepco,
Omotosho
(335
MW)
in
Ondo,
developed
by
China
National
Machinery
&
Equipment
Import
&
Export
Corp.
(CMEC),
and
Geregu
(138
MW)
in
Kogi
state
developed
by
Siemens.
Other
than
electricity
generation,
Chinese
companies
CMEC
and
China
Machine-
Building
International
Corporation
(CMIC)
have
occasionally
got
involved
in
electricity
transmission
through
major
projects
in
Tanzania
and
Luanda
(Angola),
respectively.
Thus,
at
present,
China’s
central
focus
is
on
the
construction
of
large
hydropower
projects.
Given
the
current
power
supply
crisis
in
Africa,
and
the
fact
that
the
region
has
barely
developed
5
percent
of
its
identified
hydro
potential,
these
schemes
are
critical
for
Africa’s
economic
development.
In
that
sense,
the
emergence
of
China
as
a
major
financier
of
hydro
schemes
is
a
trend
of
great
strategic
importance
for
the
African
power
sector.
Reports
emerged
earlier
this
year
that
Shenzhen
Energy
Investment
Co.,
partly
owned
by
Huaneng
Power
International
Inc.,
and
the
fund
may
build
a
1,03
billion-yuan
($151
million)
gas-fired
plant
in
Ghana.
Standard
Bank
and
the
Industrial
and
Commercial
Bank
of
China
(ICBC)
is
to
finance
the
expansion
of
a
coal
power
station
in
Botswana
for
over
US$800
million.
An
amount
of
US$140
million,
as
bridging
finance,
will
be
provided
for
Morupule
B
Power
Station
in
eastern
Botswana.
The
deal
is
backed
by
financial
guarantees
from
Botswana’s
ministry
of
finance.
Ports
On 13 January 2009, China agreed to begin a US$280 million expansion contract to extend the port at Nouakchott, by more than 900 meters, adding significantly to the port’s current capacity of 500 000 tons of cargo per annum.
Rail
China’s
foray
into
Africa
really
began
in
large
part
due
to
the
construction
of
the
Tanzania-
Zambia
railway
in
the
1970s,
which
became
to
symbolize
China’s
contribution
to
African
economic
development.
In
recent
years,
China
has
made
a
major
comeback
in
the
African
rail
sector,
with
financing
commitments
on
the
order
of
US$4
billion
for
this
sector.
They
include
rehabilitation
of
more
than
1
350
kilometers
of
existing
railway
lines
and
the
construction
of
more
than
1
600
kilometers
of
new
railroad.
To
put
this
in
perspective,
the
entire
African
railroad
network
amounts
to
around
50
000
kilometers.
The
largest
deals
have
been
in
Nigeria,
Gabon,
and
Mauritania.In
Nigeria,
the
Chinese
have
committed
to
financing
a
construction
of
the
Abuja
Rail
Mass
Transit
System;
and
to
the
rehabilitation
of
1
315
kilometers
of
the
Lagos-Kano
line
under
the
first
phase
of
Nigeria’s
railway
modernization
programme.
The
total
cost
of
the
Lagos-Kano
rail
project
is
estimated
to
be
US$8,3
billion,
of
which
the
Chinese
were
to
cover
US$2,5
billion
through
a
line
of
credit
part
of
which
would
be
also
be
allocated
for
supporting
power
projects.
However,
In
October
2008,
the
Chinese
rail
projects
were
put
on
hold
pending
a
review
of
the
agreements
after
a
period
of
tensions
linked
to
allegations
by
Nigeria
that
China
was
not
delivering
on
its
investment
promises.
[Note:
Nigeria
suspended
the
rail
contract
with
the
China
Civil
Engineering
Compan
y
(CCECC)
last
year,
saying
the
cost
was
inflated
and
the
government
did
not
have
enough
funds
to
modernise
the
country’s
century-old
rail
system.
Former
Nigerian
President
Olusegun
Obasanjo
awarded
the
contract
to
the
Chinese
company
in
2006
and
promised
the
firm
an
oil
block
in
return
as
an
incentive.
China
facilitated
the
deal
wit
h
an
initial
offer
of
a
US$2
billion
loan.]
In
2007,
work
started
on
the
rehabilitation
of
the
1302
km
Benguela
Railway
line
in
Central
Angola
at
a
cost
of
US$300
million,
However,
in
February
2008
rehabilitation
work
was
suspended
owing
to
delayed
disbursements
from
the
credit
line
of
the
Hong
Kong-based
China
International
Fund
(CIF).
Over
1000
route-km
of
the
Benguela
need
rebuilding.
Besides
apparent
funding
problems,
the
process
was
being
hampered
by
the
presence
of
land
mines
and
the
need
to
reconstruct
50
bridges.
The
completion
of
restoration
of
the
railway
to
the
border
with
the
DRC
is
not
expected
to
be
completed
before
2012
China
Ex-Im
Bank
is
preparing
to
finance
the
560-km
Belinga-Santa
Clara
railway
in
Gabon,
which,
together
with
Poubara
hydropower
dam,
and
deepwater
port
at
Santa
Clara,
is
part
of
the
already
mentioned
Belinga
Iron
Ore
project.
The
China
Ex-Im
Bank’s
loan
for
the
project
is
to
be
repaid
via
sales
of
iron
ore
to
China.
In
January
2009,
the
China
Civil
Engineering
Corporation
signed
a
US$805
million
contract
with
the
Libyan
government
to
build
to
build
172
kilometres
of
railway
lines
in
the
North
African
country.
The
most
recent
railways
project
was
the
commitment
to
finance
a
430-km
railroad
linking
Nouakchott
to
phosphate-rich
Bofal
in
Mauritania,
which
was
agreed
upon
in
2007.
The
project
is
financed
by
a
US$
620
million
China
Ex-Im
Bank
loan
and
will
be
implemented
by
Chinese
Transtech
Engineering
Corporation.
Roads
The
Chinese
have
been
active
in
building
roads
across
Africa.
World
Bank
data
recorded
more
than
18
projects
involving
Chinese
commitments
for
construction
and
rehabilitation
of
more
than
1
400
kilometers
of
road.
However,
the
aggregate
value
of
finance
for
confirmed
projects
at
around
US$550
million
is
substantially
below
that
reported
for
the
other
sectors.
The
road
projects
that
Chinese
firms
have
undertaken
have
been
relatively
small
compared
to
average
project
sizes
in
other
sectors,
and
many
of
them
are
financed
by
grants
from
the
Ministry
of
Commerce.
Indeed,
the
database
recorded
only
two
road
projects
financed
by
Chinese
sources
were
larger
than
US$100
million
in
size,
both
of
which
were
in
Angola
and
part
of
the
Ex-Im
Bank
line
of
credit
provided
in
2004.
Road
building
has
been
an
especially
important
activity
in
Angola,
Botswana
and
Ethiopia.
By
far
the
most
active
Chinese
road
construction
firm
was
the
China
Road
and
Bridge
Corporation
(CRBC).
Sudan
has
granted
China’s
Sinohydro
corporation
a
US$300
million
contract
to
construct
486
kilometres
of
roads
in
the
country.
The
construction
is
expected
to
make
a
significant
contribution
to
improving
Sudan’s
road
transport
network
in
the
northern
and
central
parts
of
the
country.
Water and sanitation
Water
and
sanitation
account
for
a
relatively
small
share
of
China’s
total
financial
commitments
to
African
infrastructure
development.
Participation
in
confirmed
projects
was
about
US$120
million,
and
another
estimated
US$200
million
went
into
Angola’s
water
sector
as
part
of
the
China
Ex-Im
Bank
credit
line
of
2004.
In
2005
a
series
of
water
projects
for
Nigeria
was
announced.
Most
of
these
projects
were
smaller
scale
in
nature
and
more
focused
on
meeting
immediate
social
needs.
China’s
water
supply
projects
include
a
number
of
smaller
dams
that
are
not
related
to
hydropower
but
directly
to
water
supply,
in
Cape
Verde
and
Mozambique.
10.2. Some Country Case Studies
Angola
China’s
involvement
in
infrastructure
finance
in
Angola
began
in
2002
–
following
the
conclusion
of
the
civil
war
–
with
a
series
of
relatively
small
projects
involving
the
rehabilitation
of
rail
and
power
transmission
infrastructure
and
the
installation
of
a
new
fiber
optic
link.
It
was
in
2004
that
China
substantially
scaled
up
its
involvement
in
Angola
with
the
agreement
of
a
China
Ex-Im
Bank
line
of
credit
to
allow
the
government
to
repair
infrastructure
damaged
in
the
country’s
27-year
civil
war
that
formally
ended
in
2002.
The
overall
size
of
the
line
of
credit
was
US$2
billion,
however
only
half
of
it
went
toward
infrastructure
(electricity,
roads,
water,
telecom,
and
public
works),
with
the
other
half
dedicated
to
health,
education,
and
fisheries
This
line
of
credit
was
disbursed
in
two
equal
installments
over
the
2004-06
period.
The
US$2
billion
loan
was
backed
by
an
agreement
to
supply
China
with
10
000
barrels
of
Angolan
crude
per
day
for
a
period
of
17
years.
Indeed,
this
type
of
natural
resourcebacked
financing
deal
(of
which
this
was
the
first
major
example)
has
come
to
be
known
as
“Angola
mode”
(Chen,
2007b).
The
Centre
for
Chinese
Studies
at
Stellenbosch
University
indicates
that
the
interest
on
the
loan
has
been
lowered
to
0.25
percent
from
an
initial
level
of
over
1
percent,
and
that
the
loan
has
a
3-year
grace
period
and
15-year
repayment
term
(Stellenbosch
University
2006).
Tied
to
the
Chinese
loan
was
the
agreement
that
the
public
tenders
for
the
construction
and
civil
engineering
contracts
would
be
awarded
primarily
(70
percent)
to
Chinese
stateowned
enterprises
approved
by
the
Chinese
government.
In
response,
the
China
Ex-Im
Bank
compiled
a
list
of
35
Chinese
companies
approved
by
both
the
bank
and
the
Chinese
authorities
to
tender
in
Angola.
In
September
2007,
China
Ex-Im
bank
issued
another
US$2
billion
loan
reportedly
devoted
all
to
infrastructure
needs.
In
2006,
Angola
also
agreed
a
loan
of
US$2,9
billion
from
the
China
International
Fund
(CIF)
covering
general
infrastructure
development.
This
has
been
run
under
the
office
of
President
Dos
Santos
in
what
is
known
as
the
“Reconstruction
Ministry”
headed
by
General
Helder
Viera
“Kopelipa”)
Today
over
100
Chinese
companies
are
now
active
in
Angola,
with
approximately
60
000
Chinese
workers
employed
on
different
projects
there.
Some projects include the following:
- The China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC) has begun rebuilding the national road that links the Angolan city of Uige to Maquela do Zombo. The project, estimated to cost around US$80 million is expected to be completed next year.
Nigeria
China’s
engagement
in
Nigeria
amounts
to
total
financing
commitments
of
US$5,4
billion.
The
initiation
of
activities
dates
back
to
2002
with
the
agreement
on
the
first
phase
of
the
National
Rural
Telephony
Project
(NRPT),
when
China’s
two
telecom
giants
ZTE
and
Huawei
began
actively
pursuing
equipment
supply
and
network
rollout
projects
for
both
fixed
and
wireless
services
in
the
country.
In
March
2002,
China
Machinery
and
Equipment
Import
and
Export
Company
(CMEC)
and
Shandong
Power
Construction
Company
agreed
to
a
$390
million
deal
with
the
Nigerian
Ministry
of
Power
and
Steel
to
build
two
gas-fired
power
plants
with
a
total
capacity
of
670
megawatts.
CMEC
President
Li
Shuzhi
said
the
plants
would
help
ease
the
electricity
shortage
in
Nigeria
and
promote
economic
and
trade
cooperation
between
the
two
countries.
Nigeria’s
first
loan
from
the
China
Ex-Im
Bank
came
in
2005
to
support
construction
of
power
stations
at
Papalanto
(335
MW),
Omotosho
(335
MW),
and
Geregu
(138
MW)
in
Ogun,
Ondo,and
Kogi
states.
The
construction
of
Papalanto
plant,
financing
commitments
to
which
we
were
able
to
confirm
via
Chinese
sources,
was
undertaken
by
Sepco
of
China
while
the
China
Ex-Im
Bank
agreed
to
finance
US$300
million
of
the
estimated
US$400
million
construction
costs.
The
deal
was
oil-backed
such
that
in
return
CNPC
(or
PetroChina,
which
is
CNPC’s
listed
arm)
secured
a
deal
to
purchase
30
000
barrels
of
crude
oil
a
day
from
the
Nigerian
National
Petroleum
Corporation
(NNPC)
for
a
period
of
one
year,
renewable.
In
March
2005,
the
PRC
agreed
to
construct
598
boreholes
in
18
of
the
37
Nigerian
states
-
including
the
capital,
Abuja
–
to
support
the
country’s
water
supply
programme.
The
aim
of
the
free-aid
water
project
was
to
provide
“clean
drinkable
water
to
ordinary
Nigerians
living
in
out-of-the-way
areas.”
Nigeria
also
accepted
another
offer
from
the
PRC
for
the
construction
and
rehabilitation
of
small
and
large
dams
currently
slated
for
the
National
Water
Supply
Programme
and
irrigation.
In
2006,
there
was
a
substantial
scale-up
in
China
Ex-Im
Bank
financing
with
almost
US$5
billion
of
projects
agreed.
These
included
contributions
of
US$2,5
billion
to
a
major
Lagos-
Kano
railway
upgrading
project,
contribution
of
US$1
billion
to
Abuja
Rail
Mass
Transit
project,
which
involves
the
construction
of
a
high
speed
rail
link
between
Lagos
and
Abuja,
as
well
as
a
light
railway
system
connecting
Murtala
Mohammed
International
Airport
and
Nmandi
Azikwe
International
Airport
with
the
Lagos
and
Abuja
city
centers
respectively.
Sudan
Since
2001,
China
has
provided
US$1,3
billion
to
the
finance
of
infrastructure
projects
in
Sudan.
The
early
infrastructure
projects
were
all
related
to
the
power
sector,
beginning
with
construction
of
the
El
Gaili
Combined
Cycle
Power
Plant
in
2001,
and
the
QarreI
thermal
station
in
2002
(financing
for
which,
however,
was
not
confirmed
by
Chinese
sources).
China
later
financed
three
substantial
thermal
generation
projects
for
coal-fired
and
gas-fired
station
in
Port
Sudan,
Al-Fulah,
and
Rabak.
Thus,
a
total
of
more
than
2
200
MW
of
new
thermal
generating
capacity
are
being
added
with
Chinese
support.
By
far
the
highest-profile
power
sector
project
has
been
the
recent
completion
of
the
1
250
MW
Merowe
dam
that
began
in
early
2004.
This
massive
US$1,2
billion
hydropower
project
was
the
largest
international
project
that
China
had
ever
participated
in
at
the
time
the
contracts
were
signed
(although
it
has
now
been
superseded
by
the
Mambilla
hydropower
project
in
Nigeria,
which
will
be
more
than
twice
the
size).
Financers
of
the
project
included
the
China
Ex-Im
Bank
(US$400
million),
the
Saudi
Fund
(US$150
million),
BADEA
(US$100
million),
the
Kuwait
Fund
for
Arab
Economic
Development
(US$100
million),
and
the
Abu
Dhabi
Fund
(US$100
million).
Chinese
company
Sinohydro
was
involved
in
the
construction
of
the
plant,
while,
Harbin
Power
Engineering
Company
and
Jilin
Province
Transmission
and
Substation
Project
Company
took
over
the
construction
of
the
1
776
kilometers
of
transmission
lines
within
the
same
project.
The
government
in
Khartoum
announced
that
part
of
the
benefits
of
this
dam
would
be
a
major
increase
in
the
country's
electrification
rate
following
much
needed
investments
in
distribution.
The
project
has
entailed
the
resettlement
of
55
000
to
70
000
residents
away
from
the
fertile
agricultural
areas
surrounding
the
River
Nile.
In
December
2008,
developmental
contracts
to
the
value
of
US$1,5
billion
were
concluded
between
Sudan
and
China.
The
projects
comprise
the
building
of
the
Al-Fulah
405-MW
power
station
at
a
cost
of
US$680
million,
construction
of
the
Dongola-Halfa
pipeline
at
a
cost
of
US$120
million
and
building
the
Dibaybat-Malakal
road
at
a
cost
of
US$100
million.
10.3. Impact of the Global Recession
China
has
not
entirely
escaped
the
impact
of
the
global
recession.
It
has
slashed
demand
for
Chinese
exports,
resulting
in
a
drop
in
domestic
electricity
use
and
prompting
generators
such
as
China
Datang
to
look
overseas
for
expansion.
Large
scale
industrial
projects
have
been
put
on
hold
or
abandoned.
China’s
Sinoma
International,
for
example,
recently
reached
agreement
with
the
Nigerian
Dangote
Group
to
suspend
a
cement
project
worth
US$1,45
billion
and
cut
the
size
of
another
in
Nigeria
by
nearly
two-thirds.
The
suspended
project
involves
six
cement
assembly
lines,
and
the
other
project
involving
seven
lines
was
cut
from
US$1,81
billion
to
US$
689,5
million.
Chinese
mining
projects
have
been
badly
affected.
Ambitious
plans
for
Guinea
Conakry
have
been
put
on
hold.
Plans
to
develop
aluminium
mines
in
Guinea
Conakry
in
exchange
for
the
construction
of
dams,
roads
and
bridges
has
been
held
up
by
a
change
in
the
global
economy
and
a
coup
in
December
2008
which
has
created
political
instability
and
uncertainty.
Wide-scale
retrenchments
have
also
taken
place
at
Chinese
run
mines
in
countries
such
as
Zambia
and
DRC
due
to
the
slump
in
cobalt
and
copper
prices.
Chinese
investors
are
delaying
plans
to
conclude
a
US$3
billion
investment
in
Gabon’s
Belinga
iron
ore
deposit.
Given
the
fall
in
Chinese
exports
to
the
US
and
the
EU,
major
new
Chinese
investments
are
under
closer
scrutiny.
On
the
positive
side
for
China,
declining
asset
base
values
of
foreign
companies
have
spurred
ambitious
buyouts
of
such
companies
especially
in
the
mining
and
petroleum
sectors.
Reports
have
been
received
that
in
exchange
for
cash
injections
by
Chinese
companies
–
foreign
companies
have
to
relinquish
part
or
all
their
mining
concession
licenses
to
the
investors.
目次
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Africa in the Context of China's Resource Acquisition Requrements
- 3. The Origins of China's New Africa Policy
- 4. The Role of FOCAC
- 5. China's New Resource Acquistion Business Model
- 6. The Role of Chinese Institutions in the Acquisition of Business Intelligence
- 7. China's Energy Footprint in Africa
- 8. China's Mining Footprint in Africa
- 9. China's Telecommunications Footprint in Africa
- 10. China's Infrastructure Footprint in Africa
- 11. The Role of China's Financial Institutions
- 12. Implications for Japanese Investors
- Annexure I: The Focac Fuc Structure
- Appendix II: The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation
- Annexure III: Ministry of Commerce
- Annexure IV:Profile Chen Yuan and Chi Janxin